StringBuilder

Why StringBuilder?

StringBuilder is a mutable alternative to String for efficient string manipulation.

Problem with String Concatenation

// BAD: O(n^2) time complexity
String result = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
    result += i;  // Creates new String each iteration!
}
// Each iteration creates:
// 1. New String for i.toString()
// 2. New String for concatenation
// Total: 10000 * 2 = 20000 String objects!

Solution with StringBuilder

// GOOD: O(n) time complexity
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
    sb.append(i);  // Modifies existing object
}
String result = sb.toString();
// Only 1 StringBuilder object created!

When to Use StringBuilder

// Use StringBuilder when:
// 1. Multiple concatenations in loop
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (String s : list) {
    sb.append(s).append(",");
}

// 2. Building strings incrementally
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append("Hello").append(" ").append("World");

// 3. String reversal
String reversed = new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();

// 4. Insert/delete operations
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello World");
sb.insert(5, " beautiful");  // "Hello beautiful World"
sb.delete(6, 16);  // "Hello World"

// Use String when:
// 1. Simple concatenation (compiler optimizes)
String s = "Hello" + " " + "World";

// 2. Few concatenations
String s = firstName + " " + lastName;

// 3. String is used as map key or in comparisons
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("hello", 1);  // Use String, not StringBuilder

Performance Comparison

// Benchmark: 10000 concatenations
// String: ~500ms
// StringBuilder: ~1ms

// The more concatenations, the bigger the difference

StringBuilder Methods

Basic Operations

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

// Append - adds to end
sb.append(" World");  // "Hello World"
sb.append(123);        // "Hello World123"
sb.append(true);       // "Hello World123true"

// Insert - adds at position
sb.insert(5, " cruel");  // "Hello cruel World123true"

// Delete - removes characters
sb.delete(5, 11);  // "Hello World123true" (removes " cruel")
sb.deleteCharAt(0);  // "ello World123true"

// Replace - replaces range
sb.replace(0, 5, "Hi");  // "Hi World123true"

// Reverse
sb.reverse();  // "eurt321dlroW iH"

Access Methods

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

// Length
int len = sb.length();  // 5

// Capacity
int cap = sb.capacity();  // 21 (16 + 5)

// Char at
char c = sb.charAt(0);  // 'H'

// Index of
int idx = sb.indexOf("ll");  // 2
int idx2 = sb.indexOf("l", 3);  // 3 (start searching from index 3)

// Substring
String sub = sb.substring(1, 3);  // "el"
String sub2 = sb.substring(2);    // "llo"

Modification Methods

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

// Set char at
sb.setCharAt(0, 'J');  // "Jello"

// Set length
sb.setLength(3);  // "Jel" (truncates)
sb.setLength(10); // "Jel\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0" (pads with null chars)

// Ensure capacity
sb.ensureCapacity(100);  // Ensure at least 100 capacity

// Trim to size
sb.trimToSize();  // Reduce capacity to current length

Method Chaining

// StringBuilder methods return this, enabling chaining
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append("Hello")
  .append(" ")
  .append("World")
  .insert(5, ",")
  .deleteCharAt(6);
// Result: "Hello World"

Converting to String

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello World");
String str = sb.toString();  // "Hello World"

// Important: toString() creates a new String
// After toString(), modifying sb doesn't affect str

Complete Example

public class StringBuilderMethodsDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        // Build a formatted string
        sb.append("Name: ").append("Alice").append("\n");
        sb.append("Age: ").append(30).append("\n");
        sb.append("Active: ").append(true);

        String result = sb.toString();
        System.out.println(result);
        // Output:
        // Name: Alice
        // Age: 30
        // Active: true
    }
}

Capacity vs Length

StringBuilder has two important properties: length and capacity.

Understanding Capacity

// Default capacity: 16
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
int len = sb.length();     // 0
int cap = sb.capacity();   // 16

// With initial string
StringBuilder sb2 = new StringBuilder("Hello");
int len2 = sb2.length();     // 5
int cap2 = sb2.capacity();   // 21 (16 + 5)

// With initial capacity
StringBuilder sb3 = new StringBuilder(100);
int len3 = sb3.length();     // 0
int cap3 = sb3.capacity();   // 100

How Capacity Grows

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

// When capacity is exceeded, it grows:
// New capacity = (old capacity + 1) * 2

// Start: capacity = 16
// After 17 appends: capacity = 34
// After 35 appends: capacity = 70
// And so on...

// This doubling strategy makes appending O(1) amortized

Pre-allocating Capacity

// If you know approximate size, pre-allocate
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(10000);
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
    sb.append(i);
}
// No reallocation needed!

// Without pre-allocation:
// Would need ~14 reallocations (16 -> 34 -> 70 -> ...)

Capacity Operations

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

// Current capacity
int cap = sb.capacity();  // 21

// Ensure minimum capacity
sb.ensureCapacity(100);  // Now capacity >= 100

// Trim to fit
sb.trimToSize();  // Capacity = length

Performance Impact

// Bad: Frequent reallocation
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
    sb.append("a");
    // Multiple reallocations occur
}

// Good: Pre-allocate
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100000);
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
    sb.append("a");
    // No reallocation
}

When to Use Capacity

// Use default capacity (16) when:
// - String size is unknown or small
// - Building string incrementally with few appends

// Pre-allocate when:
// - Known maximum size
// - Building large strings (JSON, SQL, etc.)
// - Performance-critical code

StringBuilder vs StringBuffer

Both are mutable string builders, but with key differences.

Thread Safety

// StringBuilder: NOT thread-safe
// - No synchronization
// - Faster single-threaded performance

// StringBuffer: Thread-safe
// - All methods are synchronized
// - Slower due to synchronization overhead

// Example:
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();

// Both have same methods
sb.append("Hello");
buf.append("Hello");

When to Use Which

// Use StringBuilder when:
// 1. Single-threaded code
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (String s : list) {
    sb.append(s);  // No synchronization needed
}

// 2. Local variable (not shared)
public String process(String input) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    // sb is local, not shared
    sb.append(input).reverse();
    return sb.toString();
}

// Use StringBuffer when:
// 1. Multi-threaded code
public class SharedBuilder {
    private StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();

    public void append(String s) {
        buffer.append(s);  // Thread-safe
    }
}

// 2. When thread safety is required
// (rare in modern Java)

Performance Comparison

// StringBuilder is faster because:
// - No synchronization overhead
// - No method locking

// Benchmark (100000 concatenations):
// StringBuilder: ~10ms
// StringBuffer: ~15ms

// The difference is small for simple operations
// but can be significant in tight loops

Historical Context

// Java 1.0: Only StringBuffer existed
// Java 1.5: StringBuilder added (not thread-safe)

// Reason: Most string building is single-threaded
// StringBuilder avoids unnecessary synchronization

// Modern Java:
// - StringBuilder is preferred
// - StringBuffer is rarely used
// - Consider StringJoiner or Collectors for stream operations

Summary

Feature	StringBuilder	StringBuffer
Thread-safe	No	Yes
Performance	Faster	Slower
Introduced	Java 1.5	Java 1.0
Use case	Single-thread	Multi-thread
Preferred	Yes	No (rarely)